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[Music]

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hey everybody my name is Xander I'm from

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New Mexico State University I'm here to

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talk to you today about

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Titan's atmosphere and some work I've

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been doing using some public Alma data

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so as we just saw in Aleks talk Titan is

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a pretty cool place it's the second

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largest moon in the solar system overall

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and it's substantial atmosphere haze

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methane and other ice clouds as well as

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all the surface liquid features some

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voids are temporary and some of which

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are more permanent and the subsurface

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ocean finally make it a really

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interesting place to study for assert

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biology as part of this kind of new

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emerging ocean worlds project that NASA

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has been undertaking so most of this was

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discovered as we just saw by the Cassini

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mission which really blew the door wide

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open for Titan and also Saturn studies

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but we don't really care about setter

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and Enceladus as well so Cassini did a

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lot of great so this study so it's just

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been a wealth of data coming in since

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2004 from the Cassini mission and part

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of that was the Huygens probe descent as

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we also saw so in January of 2005

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Wiggins parachuted down into Titan's

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atmosphere and as we went through for

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the first time we were able to finally

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get below this haze layer on Titan which

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previously had just been kind of this

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big orange ball next to Saturn and we're

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really able to see all of these really

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cool surface features so there's valleys

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and mountains and dunes similar to those

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on earth flew of your features and all

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kinds of stuff and as you go down

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through this haze layer for the first

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time ever you're able to find the fabled

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city of Los Angeles and so if you never

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see a Titan top 4 that's the obligatory

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joke

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thank you very much stealing it so

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anyway a lot of these products of the

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chemistry in Titan's atmosphere come

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from the dissociation of methane and

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molecular nitrogen so as we just covered

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it's mostly molecular nitrogen molecular

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nitrogen a little bit of methane and

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these things get broken down by

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energetic particles as well as photons

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in the upper atmosphere

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and react with ions and other products

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from Saturn's my newest fear as well as

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in syllabus raining in with a little bit

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of oxygen to create all kinds of cool

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stuff so there are polycyclic aromatic

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hydrocarbons or pause that get formed in

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these larger particles kind of

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accumulate in the lower atmosphere and

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some condense out and some kind of form

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into these larger aerosols or haze

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products and this is mostly what I'm

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going to be talking about throughout

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this talk and Cassini particularly in

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the infrared was a great way to study

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this so a lot of new molecules were

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detected in the atmosphere here an

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example of some Cassini composite

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infrared spectra from the Sirius

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instrument so both above and below are

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from Sears at different wave numbers or

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if you're into wave numbers probably not

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or if you're into microns and so there's

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you know kind of ethane and methane

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bands and acetylene all kinds of cool

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hydrocarbons that get closer to here so

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it's just a really amazing data set to

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both discover new molecules and also

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kind of see how these things change in

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Titan's atmosphere as we go from

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different regions because Cassini has

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very good latitudinal resolution so if

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you're more into the chemistry of this

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here's kind of a diagram and with the

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advent of Cassini comes a wealth of

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these photochemical models which are

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able to try to predict the products of

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this atmosphere see how abundant they

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are and kind of see how far we can push

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the rich organic chemistry of Titan's

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atmosphere and so on the left is mostly

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the products of methane chemistry which

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are the hydrocarbons and on the right

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are the nitrile so you don't have to get

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too invested into this but a few of them

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I may be talking about today are HCN

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methyl saline cyano acetylene and these

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were seen by Cassini previously the

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submillimetre we had detected cu nitrile

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or methyl acetylene and i'll be talking

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about that as well as well as a few new

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products that have been detected

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recently and these are acrylic and

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propio nitrile I may also call these

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vinyl sign methyl cyanide because as it

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bounced around I don't know anything

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about chemistry so enjoy that um anyway

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these are really cool products but

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and the later part of this year we're

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actually going to be losing all this

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coverage from Cassini and that's going

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to be really unfortunate but Cassini is

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going through this really cool process

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right now where it goes between the

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planet and the inner rings which is

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somewhere we've never been before with

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Voyager or anything else and it's just

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going to be a fantastic thing and this

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is called the grand finale of Cassini so

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look down for that and we can only wish

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our own finales were as grand but until

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then we can use Alma to study Titan so

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Alma is this large radio telescope it's

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a nada comma Desert of Chile you've

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probably seen this picture already in

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other slides talking about almost so

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there were some great introductions this

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is actually the only photograph of Alma

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ever taken which is what you've seen

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this picture of four times that's not

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your ISO so Alma actually uses Titan as

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a calibration object pretty often so

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there are other people talking

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previously about using Alma to study

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protoplanetary discs and radio jets and

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galaxies and all kinds of other cool

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stuff so often when that happens Titan

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is taken as kind of a image switched off

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from whatever other target you're using

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to calibrate their flux measurements

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those go through the pipeline and then

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the Titan gets kind of ejected out into

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the archive where you two can use it if

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you want to scoop my dissertation

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projects so it is there for the taking

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don't do that though so here are some of

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the data from the Alma telescope some of

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these public data are only like three

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minute long exposures that very short

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but even within that we're able to get

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out these really cool spectra that

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showed tons of interesting stuff so

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there's some methyl acetylene bands here

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and then these were new detection of a

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couple of molecules so we have a FL

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cyanide line here that's not the only

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one that day so there's plenty more else

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inés everywhere in the homo data which

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is exciting and also there was a

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internet gatherer who discovered this

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vinyl cyanide or acrylonitrile on the

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wings of this carbon monoxide line here

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and so that was kind of hard to find but

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there's been a follow-up study about

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this and it's definitely confirmed and

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these two molecules in particular are

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pretty interesting because they were

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studied

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only as potential molecules which may

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form structures within Titans kind of

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surface liquid features these eutectics

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of methane and ethane and very cold

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temperatures turns out that molecules

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like acrylonitrile may actually be able

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to form these kind of liposome analogues

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but in Titans cold atmosphere and our

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sorry cold surface chemistry and because

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these are kind of polar nitrogen

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molecules they've been dubbed

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zoda's ohms and I don't really know too

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much about liposome zones and whatever

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this sunflower thing is but this is an

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interesting way to kind of kind of try

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to tie the atmosphere chemistry of Titan

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together with any kind of surface

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processes and look for interesting

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astrobiological a significant things

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there so here are the list of some of

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the other molecules that have been

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studied and we found all of these with

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either Cassini or OMA as a now with the

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exception of a few here and recently I

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put in a cycle v proposal to target

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specifically cyano Halloween HD 5n and

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then also a type of this primary nitrile

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which is propyl cyanide which we found

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in the interstellar medium so far so

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fingers crossed for that to come in and

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we'll see what we can find in the

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meantime we can take a lot of this Alma

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data and make these kind of cool maps of

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stacked flux and you can see even with

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relatively large spatial resolution

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compared to Titan so it's not really

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resolved you can see these kind of

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lopsided asymmetries within hemispheric

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constituents so there's a fo cyanide and

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vinyl sign up on the top and then a c3

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an and methyl is sewing here and of

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these three methyl acetylene seems to be

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concentrated in the north and the rest

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of them are concentrated south this is

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from 2015

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when Titan transitions into the northern

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summer so basically what's happening

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here is they're saying the use three

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products are being kind of condensed

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down on the winter or southern

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hemisphere of Titan with the exception

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of methyl acetylene which seems to be

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more resilient to photochemical

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destruction its chemical lifetime in the

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atmosphere is longer and this is a

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really interesting thing that we can see

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just from these maps

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what I'd like to do in addition to

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trying to find new molecular species is

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to try to actually really pull out very

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distinct spatially resolved abundances

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and temperatures of these molecules in

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the atmosphere and see if we can measure

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these very oceans over time and with

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Alma coming online in 2012 we have this

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kind of little overlap region where we

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can use all my data and Ksenia together

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to see some of the seasonal transitions

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as Titan goes into its northern summer

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so I do this with radiative transfer

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modeling the program I use is called the

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nonlinear optimal estimator for

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multivariate spectral analysis or

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nemesis I didn't make up that name but

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there it it so nemesis allows you to

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build a model atmosphere of whatever

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planet you're working on it's you can

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use it for a variety of different things

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and construct this kind of temperature

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pressure and abundance diagram as well

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as all kinds of other knobs you can get

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and make synthetic spectra out and

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you're able to compare that to these

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data in this kind of a goodness to fit

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we sky squared method it's iterative and

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it's very powerful and with the addition

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of Cassini measurements which are super

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well constrained particularly those for

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Wiggins which actually has been there

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this allows our models to be fairly

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robust and therefore you can say that

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any variation in spectra that you find

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are due to abundance or temperature

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variations that are pretty minor

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compared to the Cassini measurements so

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what I've been doing is finding data

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sets that are spatially resolved to

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Titan as in the the beam size the

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resolution elements smaller than Titans

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disk usually we run a third of it and

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you can kind of probe these different

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regions these kind of I'll be calling

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them South Center and North for the rest

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of this for lack of a better way of

277
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doing it and this allows you to kind of

278
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pull out different measurements and see

279
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if you can actually see these variations

280
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across Titans discs so as an example

281
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here are a bunch of carbon monoxide

282
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spectra and you'll have to look at these

283
00:10:55,900 --> 00:10:53,300
too hard because they all look pretty

284
00:10:58,629 --> 00:10:55,910
similar but there's a data from 2012

285
00:11:00,699 --> 00:10:58,639
2014 and 2015 that are all spatially

286
00:11:03,340 --> 00:11:00,709
resolved and the column on the left is

287
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the southern and then Center and then

288
00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:05,350
north and they look pretty much the same

289
00:11:09,310 --> 00:11:07,490
the cool thing that you can know

290
00:11:11,460 --> 00:11:09,320
here's the dais in black and the models

291
00:11:13,449 --> 00:11:11,470
are in red so particularly for the

292
00:11:15,220 --> 00:11:13,459
2014-2015 data we're doing a very good

293
00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:15,230
job of thinning these lines chi-squared

294
00:11:19,780 --> 00:11:17,810
is like 1 and also another thing to note

295
00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:19,790
which is fun is that the signal noise

296
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actually from the 2012 data to the

297
00:11:26,110 --> 00:11:24,649
2014-2015 day is drastically increased

298
00:11:28,690 --> 00:11:26,120
and that's because the omo array has

299
00:11:30,250 --> 00:11:28,700
basically doubled in size so almost

300
00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:30,260
becoming a very powerful tool and this

301
00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:33,050
is really exciting to see so we know

302
00:11:37,449 --> 00:11:34,610
that carbon monoxide is fairly well

303
00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:37,459
mixed in Titan's atmosphere has about 50

304
00:11:41,470 --> 00:11:39,770
parts per million up and down all the

305
00:11:42,579 --> 00:11:41,480
way because it's pretty impervious to

306
00:11:44,680 --> 00:11:42,589
photodissociation

307
00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:44,690
and so that allows us to say any

308
00:11:48,130 --> 00:11:46,610
variations in the spectra are due to

309
00:11:50,050 --> 00:11:48,140
temperature and so we can pull out these

310
00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:50,060
temperature profiles this is what

311
00:11:54,310 --> 00:11:51,290
Titan's atmosphere temperature looks

312
00:11:55,960 --> 00:11:54,320
like has this mesosphere up here and

313
00:11:57,519 --> 00:11:55,970
then the stratopause down here

314
00:12:00,400 --> 00:11:57,529
stratosphere and then the tropopause is

315
00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:00,410
below which is as Alex said previously

316
00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:02,450
mostly where we see kind of the weather

317
00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:05,600
effects right so these variations look

318
00:12:08,949 --> 00:12:07,250
pretty minor around here and this is not

319
00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:08,959
a great way to diagnose these but if you

320
00:12:13,180 --> 00:12:10,850
dig in further you can actually see that

321
00:12:14,949 --> 00:12:13,190
as we go forward in time Titans

322
00:12:17,340 --> 00:12:14,959
upper atmosphere in the north gets

323
00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:17,350
warmer and this is due just to increased

324
00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:22,160
insulation and in the southern portions

325
00:12:25,569 --> 00:12:23,720
of the disk we actually see the lower

326
00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:25,579
atmosphere getting warmer and again this

327
00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:27,440
is due to this kind of downwelling of

328
00:12:31,630 --> 00:12:30,110
the atmosphere near the winter pole and

329
00:12:34,030 --> 00:12:31,640
so Titan has this kind of like large

330
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:34,040
Hadley circulation that kind of circular

331
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:35,510
rises this around so emerging paper

332
00:12:38,170 --> 00:12:36,560
about this right now than other

333
00:12:40,420 --> 00:12:38,180
variations comparing these to Cassini

334
00:12:42,670 --> 00:12:40,430
but what may be more interesting to use

335
00:12:44,170 --> 00:12:42,680
some future work where I'll try to pull

336
00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:44,180
out a bunch of different chemical

337
00:12:47,079 --> 00:12:45,050
abundance profiles

338
00:12:48,579 --> 00:12:47,089
these are pretty preliminary and I

339
00:12:50,530 --> 00:12:48,589
haven't plugged in the temperatures from

340
00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:50,540
the previous study but this is kind of

341
00:12:54,340 --> 00:12:53,180
what you would do would be to use the

342
00:12:55,810 --> 00:12:54,350
temperatures that you find in these

343
00:12:58,180 --> 00:12:55,820
different regions and then try to

344
00:13:01,720 --> 00:12:58,190
extract abundance profiles at a various

345
00:13:04,750 --> 00:13:01,730
different molecules so here we have HC 3

346
00:13:08,019 --> 00:13:04,760
and and then C 3 H 4 and CH 3 CN

347
00:13:10,180 --> 00:13:08,029
profiles in the north the center and the

348
00:13:11,380 --> 00:13:10,190
south and you don't study this again but

349
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:11,390
basically what we're seeing is that

350
00:13:16,199 --> 00:13:13,610
there's enhanced abundances of a lot of

351
00:13:18,730 --> 00:13:16,209
different molecules in the poles and

352
00:13:20,290 --> 00:13:18,740
that's mostly due to this kind of

353
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:20,300
circular

354
00:13:24,820 --> 00:13:22,010
Hadley cell thing going on and

355
00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:24,830
downwelling into the polls and to see

356
00:13:28,750 --> 00:13:26,750
different abundance enhancements there's

357
00:13:30,370 --> 00:13:28,760
is really interesting and feeds into the

358
00:13:33,370 --> 00:13:30,380
kind of permanent leg features that are

359
00:13:36,810 --> 00:13:33,380
in Titan's polls so this is exciting and

360
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:36,820
in summary you can detect new

361
00:13:40,990 --> 00:13:38,720
potentially as four biologically

362
00:13:43,150 --> 00:13:41,000
significant molecules with oma in

363
00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:43,160
Titan's atmosphere and you can both

364
00:13:48,970 --> 00:13:46,100
measure spatial temperature and also

365
00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:48,980
abundance variations of these species

366
00:13:52,990 --> 00:13:50,750
and then do that over time and compare

367
00:13:54,670 --> 00:13:53,000
these to previous measurements for

368
00:13:58,870 --> 00:13:54,680
reference the temperatures that go so

369
00:14:02,320 --> 00:13:58,880
far agree to Cassini series radio other

370
00:14:04,660 --> 00:14:02,330
stuff within five Kelvin so I think that

371
00:14:06,220 --> 00:14:04,670
they're pretty robust so far and with

372
00:14:08,260 --> 00:14:06,230
these correct spatial temperatures you

373
00:14:10,269 --> 00:14:08,270
can get abundance things so with that

374
00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:10,279
like to acknowledge my funding support

375
00:14:14,470 --> 00:14:12,200
through in NASA J GFP and some

376
00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:14,480
additional Alma stuff and with that I'd

377
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:17,930
like to give bonus talk damn it there it

378
00:14:23,980 --> 00:14:21,410
is okay so so this talk is just useless

379
00:14:25,150 --> 00:14:23,990
don't get scared but I was at the PWR

380
00:14:29,319 --> 00:14:25,160
this weekend and I saw a lot of people

381
00:14:32,350 --> 00:14:29,329
talking about their proposed projects

382
00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:32,360
with this kind of emphasis on this can

383
00:14:36,970 --> 00:14:34,910
help support additional spacecraft

384
00:14:39,639 --> 00:14:36,980
missions to places this is a good add-on

385
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:39,649
to the development of spacecraft I want

386
00:14:42,610 --> 00:14:40,610
to talk about that a little bit because

387
00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:42,620
I haven't seen a lot of this talk here

388
00:14:47,290 --> 00:14:44,930
and I was part of this really cool

389
00:14:50,670 --> 00:14:47,300
project with New Mexico State which was

390
00:14:52,810 --> 00:14:50,680
to build a CubeSat to go aboard the

391
00:14:53,980 --> 00:14:52,820
Europa clipper mission and this is not

392
00:14:55,660 --> 00:14:53,990
actually gonna happen it was a concept

393
00:14:57,490 --> 00:14:55,670
study but they kind of called on a bunch

394
00:14:59,860 --> 00:14:57,500
of universities and I personally felt

395
00:15:02,800 --> 00:14:59,870
like it was a great way to get involved

396
00:15:04,870 --> 00:15:02,810
in taking your science making it

397
00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:04,880
manageable making it small and then

398
00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:07,250
saying this is something I can only do

399
00:15:10,750 --> 00:15:08,930
from space and keeps that's really

400
00:15:13,030 --> 00:15:10,760
allowed you to do that they're small and

401
00:15:14,170 --> 00:15:13,040
they're cheap and they're modular so you

402
00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:14,180
basically take a bunch of commercial

403
00:15:17,650 --> 00:15:16,399
components and put them together and you

404
00:15:20,380 --> 00:15:17,660
can build this kind of like a lego

405
00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:20,390
satellite and some of these may go on

406
00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:22,130
future missions there have been a couple

407
00:15:26,199 --> 00:15:24,560
accepted for Mars which will be the

408
00:15:27,699 --> 00:15:26,209
first interplanetary keep sets as we

409
00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:27,709
call them Marco so if you want to know

410
00:15:30,130 --> 00:15:28,970
anything more about cube sets you can

411
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:30,140
come talk to me later we can kind of

412
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:31,310
spit ball about how you can take your

413
00:15:36,069 --> 00:15:32,720
science and really

414
00:15:37,420 --> 00:15:36,079
move it into space on a micro scale

415
00:15:39,670 --> 00:15:37,430
which is really exciting so for

416
00:15:41,470 --> 00:15:39,680
reference our cube set that we developed

417
00:15:42,759 --> 00:15:41,480
was the deployable atmospheric

418
00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:42,769
reconnaissance CubeSat with sputtering

419
00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:44,959
iron detector or darkside and that is my

420
00:15:52,030 --> 00:15:49,279
acronym and so this is what Darkseid

421
00:15:54,189 --> 00:15:52,040
does it has this deployable solar panel

422
00:15:57,730 --> 00:15:54,199
array which folds out into this large

423
00:16:01,210 --> 00:15:57,740
drag wall and essentially does a flyby

424
00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:01,220
of Europa and as it does this with these

425
00:16:04,329 --> 00:16:02,600
panels that it's able to measure

426
00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:04,339
atmospheric density because the CubeSat

427
00:16:07,749 --> 00:16:06,170
is so small and very light so if you

428
00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:07,759
increase the surface area you get much

429
00:16:11,290 --> 00:16:09,050
more drag measurement of it with an

430
00:16:12,970 --> 00:16:11,300
accelerometer in addition to that has an

431
00:16:14,559 --> 00:16:12,980
ion detector which can detect this kind

432
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:14,569
of magnetospheric interactions with your

433
00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:16,250
rope as it does this flyby so this was

434
00:16:19,569 --> 00:16:17,810
really fun and if you're interested in

435
00:16:21,490 --> 00:16:19,579
talking more about cube sets I'd be

436
00:16:33,340 --> 00:16:21,500
happy to do that and with that I will

437
00:16:36,249 --> 00:16:33,350
take questions thank you that was

438
00:16:38,410 --> 00:16:36,259
awesome thanks appreciate it so I have a

439
00:16:40,780 --> 00:16:38,420
quick question I'm wondering a little

440
00:16:41,889 --> 00:16:40,790
bit and gentle to the talk but do you

441
00:16:44,290 --> 00:16:41,899
know of anyone that's actually looking

442
00:16:46,030 --> 00:16:44,300
at ocean circulation for the two types

443
00:16:48,460 --> 00:16:46,040
of oceans on Titan the communication

444
00:16:50,230 --> 00:16:48,470
between them in terms of circulation do

445
00:16:52,329 --> 00:16:50,240
you mean the subsurface ocean they're

446
00:16:53,980 --> 00:16:52,339
going to liquid lake features on the top

447
00:16:56,350 --> 00:16:53,990
the communication between those is

448
00:16:58,689 --> 00:16:56,360
anyone who looked at the flux rates I

449
00:17:01,090 --> 00:16:58,699
don't know too much about the subsurface

450
00:17:04,299 --> 00:17:01,100
ocean stuff I think most of it before

451
00:17:06,210 --> 00:17:04,309
Cassini was just kind of modeling and I

452
00:17:09,399 --> 00:17:06,220
mean since then we have no real idea of

453
00:17:10,870 --> 00:17:09,409
how to constrain anything observation

454
00:17:13,090 --> 00:17:10,880
only right so most of the stuff that we

455
00:17:16,270 --> 00:17:13,100
have about the subsurface ocean is from

456
00:17:18,279 --> 00:17:16,280
Cassini flybys so yeah I don't know too

457
00:17:19,659 --> 00:17:18,289
much about that there may have been some

458
00:17:21,309 --> 00:17:19,669
modeling of feedback between there I

459
00:17:23,230 --> 00:17:21,319
know there are a lot of unexplained kind

460
00:17:25,090 --> 00:17:23,240
of abundances and you know how do we get

461
00:17:28,120 --> 00:17:25,100
extra methane as to the atmosphere is

462
00:17:30,490 --> 00:17:28,130
there cryovolcanism is there outgassing

463
00:17:33,279 --> 00:17:30,500
other stuff so I think the subsurface Oh

464
00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:33,289
should could play into that yeah yeah

465
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:34,880
follow up can I make a quick plug for

466
00:17:38,830 --> 00:17:37,010
your CubeSat program absolutely okay

467
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:38,840
just really quick for everybody in here

468
00:17:42,490 --> 00:17:41,210
everybody in here qualifies and you can

469
00:17:45,340 --> 00:17:42,500
actually make an application that will

470
00:17:45,690 --> 00:17:45,350
be a call for for proposals for the

471
00:17:48,139 --> 00:17:45,700
report

472
00:17:52,580 --> 00:17:48,149
ramit Goddard Space Flight Center in

473
00:17:55,289 --> 00:17:52,590
stmd space technology called Nayak NASA

474
00:17:56,759 --> 00:17:55,299
innovative advanced concepts so if you

475
00:17:58,019 --> 00:17:56,769
have an idea you don't have to go

476
00:17:59,820 --> 00:17:58,029
through a pie you don't have to go

477
00:18:02,879 --> 00:17:59,830
through anybody you can actually apply

478
00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:02,889
directly it's up to $650,000 and grant

479
00:18:06,570 --> 00:18:04,210
money for you to develop technologies

480
00:18:08,539 --> 00:18:06,580
and ideas so if you're interested in

481
00:18:11,159 --> 00:18:08,549
that just find me and I'll help you out

482
00:18:12,149 --> 00:18:11,169
yeah do that thank you for saying that

483
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:12,159
that's really cool

484
00:18:14,940 --> 00:18:13,510
cube sets are a great way to get

485
00:18:15,990 --> 00:18:14,950
involved in this and also it's kind of

486
00:18:17,879 --> 00:18:16,000
on the cutting edge so if you're looking

487
00:18:19,860 --> 00:18:17,889
for something to kind of push your CV

488
00:18:20,460 --> 00:18:19,870
check that out it'll take one more

489
00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:20,470
question

490
00:18:25,799 --> 00:18:24,250
all right great talk um if you go to

491
00:18:30,149 --> 00:18:25,809
where you're talking about the abundance

492
00:18:31,649 --> 00:18:30,159
variations yeah so how much of that do

493
00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:31,659
you think is complicated by optical

494
00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:33,970
depth effects how how optically thick

495
00:18:36,720 --> 00:18:35,200
are these species and how much will that

496
00:18:40,529 --> 00:18:36,730
affect being able to pull that back out

497
00:18:43,230 --> 00:18:40,539
good question so the as you saw the the

498
00:18:45,180 --> 00:18:43,240
co lines that I'm modeling are you know

499
00:18:47,399 --> 00:18:45,190
super pressure broadened right and so I

500
00:18:49,620 --> 00:18:47,409
you know basically just because we know

501
00:18:51,450 --> 00:18:49,630
the vertical abundance of that means

502
00:18:53,310 --> 00:18:51,460
that we can safely say like this isn't

503
00:18:56,039 --> 00:18:53,320
super jet generate with with abundance

504
00:18:57,680 --> 00:18:56,049
variations fortunately for us most of

505
00:19:00,870 --> 00:18:57,690
these things are actually not very

506
00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:00,880
optically thick and so there are very

507
00:19:05,220 --> 00:19:03,130
thin lines not very broadened with the

508
00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:05,230
exception of hydrogen cyanide and

509
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:07,360
hydrogen cyanide proved to be quite

510
00:19:11,669 --> 00:19:09,039
formidable and doing this kind of

511
00:19:14,039 --> 00:19:11,679
radiative transfer so I'm worried that

512
00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:14,049
some of these little kind of bulges here

513
00:19:17,460 --> 00:19:16,120
are due to inaccurate temperatures and

514
00:19:19,769 --> 00:19:17,470
that will be something interesting to

515
00:19:20,940 --> 00:19:19,779
see but yeah htm' we have to be careful

516
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:20,950
and everything else I think is actually

517
00:19:26,250 --> 00:19:23,710
the modeling seems to be pretty robust

518
00:19:27,269 --> 00:19:26,260
with that we can talk more about a layer

519
00:19:30,389 --> 00:19:27,279
that didn't answer your question up

520
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:30,399
Thanks cool that let's think the speaker